Modeling the aqueous interface of amorphous TiO2 using deep potential molecular dynamics

Amorphous titanium dioxide (a-TiO₂) is widely used as a coating material in applications such as electrochemistry and self-cleaning surfaces where its interface with water has a central role. However, little is known about the structures of the a-TiO₂ surface and aqueous interface, particularly at the microscopic level. In this work, we construct a model of the a-TiO₂ surface via a cut-melt-and-quench procedure based on molecular dynamics simulations with deep neural network potentials (DPs) trained on density functional theory data. After interfacing the a-TiO₂ surface with water, we investigate the structure and dynamics of the resulting system using a combination of DP-based molecular dynamics (DPMD) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Both AIMD and DPMD simulations reveal that the distribution of water on the a-TiO₂ surface lacks distinct layers normally found at the aqueous interface of crystalline TiO₂, leading to an ∼10 times faster diffusion of water at the interface. Bridging hydroxyls (Ti₂–ObH) resulting from water dissociation decay several times more slowly than terminal hydroxyls (Ti–OwH) due to fast Ti–OwH₂ → Ti–OwH proton exchange events. These results provide a basis for a detailed understanding of the properties of a-TiO₂ in electrochemical environments. Moreover, the procedure of generating the a-TiO₂-interface employed here is generally applicable to studying the aqueous interfaces of amorphous metal oxides.